La bataille de Montgisard (du mont Gisard) est probablement l’une des plus belles victoires des armées chrétiennes, principalement franque donc principalement venant de France.
Une grande partie des armées franques sont en Syrie. Saladin veut profiter de ce moment pour fondre sur Jérusalem. Saladin se dirigea d’abord sur Gaza mais les templiers prévenus de l’arrivée de Saladin ont fortifié à la hâte le château. Saladin préféra donc contourner pour aller à la ville d'Alascon. Baudouin IV avec ses chevaliers fondit vers la ville pour la défendre. Saladin encore une fois préféra rebrousser chemin et se diriger directement vers Jérusalem.
Cependant il préféra éparpiller une partie de son armée pour permettre le pillage et également de harceler par vagues d’attaques les positons chrétiens. Saladin ne pensait pas que Baudouin IV était un danger avec autant peu d’homme ce qui fut une erreur comme nous pourrons le voir plus tard. Saladin prit sur le chemin la ville de Ramala et assiégea la ville de Lydda et Arsuf. Baudouin IV comprit qu’il avait à une carte à jouer et réunit le plus de chevaliers possibles disponibles, estimés à 300 - 400 chevaliers, de 80 templiers et d’une petite centaine de fantassins.
Le lieu ou les forces franques de Baudouin IV et celle de Saladin se rejoignirent, fut sur le Montgisard à l’ouest de Jérusalem à Tell al-Safiya. Malgré qu’une partie de l’armée de Saladin était décomposée, les chevaliers se retrouvèrent à 1 contre 20. Baudouin était accompagné par le tumultueux Renaud de Châtillon, seigneur de Kerak, de Balian d’Ibelin et ‘surtout’ des reliques de la Sainte Croix, malgré les réticences des religieux. Les reliques avait également un effet dévastateur auprès des ennemis arabes, puisque utilisés dans de nombreuses victoires apportait un effet psychologique non négligeable, surtout que la croix qui représentait les reliques était visible de très loin.
L’armée dirigée par Saladin, déjà battu par Baudouin IV en 1176, est composée d’environ 30 000* éléments guerriers. Il faut cependant relativiser la grande majorité des armées Sarrazins étaient en général peu entraînées et pas très disciplinées. Ce qui n’enlève rien à la charge héroïque de l’armée franque d’autant plus que la faiblesse tactique des armées arabes était compensée par une armée largement plus nombreuse en nombre. On peut faire un rapprochement inverse avec la bataille de Thermopyles, qui malgré la bravoure de Léonidas et de 300 hoplites spartiates, ont succombé dans la totalité aux milliers de Perses. Le nombre est souvent un facteur de réussite guerrière surtout avec un effet psychologique dévastateur.
C’est donc « comme une mer » que l’armée arabe se présente contre les forces de Baudouin IV. À ce moment-là Saladin est totalement abasourdi ! il ne s’attendait pas du tout à voir Baudouin IV, c’est donc une attaque surprise et considérée comme suicidaire.
Il faut imaginer une marée humaine qui pour l’époque était déjà très impressionnante. Michel le Syrien dit : « Quand le Dieu qui fait paraître sa force dans les faibles, inspira le roi infirme... Il descendit de sa monture, se prosterna la face contre terre devant la Croix (saintes reliques) et pria avec des larmes. À cette vue le cœur de tous ses soldats fut ému. Ils étendirent tous la main sur la croix et jurèrent de ne jamais fuir et, en cas de défaite, de regarder comme traître et apostat quiconque fuirait au lieu de mourir ». Les saintes reliques étaient souvent emportées pendant les combats. On peut remarquer par ailleurs la similitude avec l’état d’esprit de l’époque des chevaliers français avec le goût du challenge et du sacrifice qui fera merveille plus tard Bouvines. On peut imaginer l’émotion face à une telle armée, surtout en étant aussi peu nombreux.
A la surprise générale, Les chevaliers francs fondirent courageusement sur les hommes de Saladin et comme dans du beurre éventrèrent l’armée arabe. Ce fut un réel carnage, l’armée de Saladin est complètement submergée par 400 chevaliers. Plusieurs officiers musulmans furent tués, mais surtout Saladin failli mourir.
Protégé par sa garde rapprochée de mameluk d’environ 1000 hommes, les chevaliers vont à nouveau fondre comme une masse, au point de se rapprocher dangereusement de Saladin. Il est à deux doigts de se faire tuer, mais réussit à la faveur d’une nuit tombante à s’enfuir dans le désert. L’armée de Saladin est presque anéantie et les rares survivants éparpillés dans le désert.
La victoire fut écrasante et pesa lourd dans l’esprit de Saladin et de son armée. Les forces franques, on pourrait presque dire française, était globalement déjà très redoutée et cette victoire à 1 contre 20 était de nature à mystifier et faire peur à une majorité de soldats arabes. Saladin semble t-il avait un respect de Baudouin IV et préférait dans certains cas ne pas pouvoir se battre, ce qui à donné à Saladin le terme « Saladin le sage ». Il fut plus sage par rapport au fait qu’il économisait son armée et des massacres inutiles que par sa générosité.
Cette victoire éclatante d’un roi diminué par la lèpre (maladie terrible pour l’époque, car atroce et profondément mutilante) fit de Baudouin IV un roi légendaire, qui préférait mourir malade au combat que dans un lit à attendre sagement la fin comme lui conseillait par ailleurs hardiment la majorité de sa cour. Elle permit par ailleurs de contracter un accord entre Saladin et Baudouin IV, permettant pendant environ quatre ans une relative paix.
Ps: La bataille des chiffres est aussi difficile à trancher. Certains disent qu’ils étaient ‘que’ 7000 -8000 d’autres plutôt 20 000 et puis d’autres proches de 30 000. Le rationnel voudrait que qu’ils ne soit ‘que 7000 -8000 ‘ mais cela ne veut pas dire que c’est vrai. Les armées ‘professionnelles’ de Saladin étaient surtout composé de mameluck et de cavalier mais qui étaient très loin de représenter la majorité de son armée. La grande majorité était composé de guerriers pris sur le tars, souvent inexpérimenté et à pieds, face à des chevaliers ils n’avaient donc très peu de chance de survivre. De plus l’armée de Saladin à été mainte fois très largement en surnombre face aux armées francs, ce qui ne préjugeaient pas du tout des victoires. La victoire de Hattin par Saladin est lié plus à une imbécilité tactique des armées francs qu’une réelle suprématie militaire.
Posted avril 23rd, 2007 by montjoye
Saturday, November 24, 2007
La bataille de Montgisard, Jérusalem - le 25 novembre 1177
Gepostet von
Pantocrator
unter
11/24/2007 09:58:00 AM
0
Kommentare
Labels: Baudouin IV - Roi, Croisades, Crusades, Jérusalem, Kreuzzüge, Montgisard
The Crusades - Images from the Salles des Croisades at Versailles (1839-1842)
Do not miss to visit these 5 Galleries!
Gepostet von
Pantocrator
unter
11/24/2007 09:01:00 AM
0
Kommentare
Friday, November 23, 2007
St. Francis of Assisi and the Conversion of the Muslims
St. Francis of Assisi accompanied the Crusaders to Egypt on the Fifth Crusade, and boldly walked right into the Muslim camp in a spectacular attempt to preach Christianity to the Sultan and his followers. The author shows that St. Francis was a supporter of the armed Crusade, and his goal was the conversion of the Muslims, rather than simply "dialoging" as an end in itself, as some revisionists have purported. He made such an impact with his preaching, that the sultan rebuffed some of his own religious advisors, the imams, who were insisting that Islamic law required that St. Francis must be beheaded.
While the book focuses on this historic encounter, it also includes a comprehensive biography of the Saint, taking the reader through the essential aspects of his life and his life-changing spiritual journey. Read how St. Clare of Assisi left her comfortable aristocratic world to become his follower, how St. Francis originated the Christmas manger, and about the dramatic moment he received the stigmata.
"The most important book on St. Francis in English, in recent years."
—Brother Alexis Bugnolo, Editor, the Franciscan Archive, franciscan- archive.org
"This is a rare and daring approach to the life of St. Francis and one that is so necessary in our world at this time."
—From the Preface by Father Angelus M. Shaughnessy, O.F.M. Capuchin, EWTN TV Spokesman
TAN Books Frank M. Rega No. 2193 ISBN: 978-0-89555-858-9 16.50 210 Pp. PB.
Gepostet von
Pantocrator
unter
11/23/2007 07:53:00 PM
0
Kommentare
Labels: Croisades, Crusades, Francis of Assisi - Saint, Kreuzzüge
Monday, October 29, 2007
San Francesco e l'Islam
[Da «il Timone» n. 61, marzo 2007]
Quando si parla di rapporti tra mondo cristiano e mondo islamico, capita spesso che qualcuno citi il caso di san Francesco (1181-1226), più o meno in questi termini: «Si dovrebbe testimoniare il Vangelo come fece Francesco, in sottomissione e silenziosa discrezione; e quindi non si dovrebbe cercare di convertire nessuno, come san Francesco non voleva che si facesse». Ebbene, è corretta una simile visione?
In parole...
Innanzitutto va detto che questa interpretazione del pensiero e dell’azione del santo di Assisi deriva in particolare da un libro notevole e influente, scritto dallo storico Giovanni Miccoli e intitolato Francesco d’Assisi. Realtà e memoria di un’esperienza cristiana. In quel volume Miccoli sostenne che Francesco voleva «realizzare una presenza cristiana priva di ogni ricerca di proselitismo». In altri termini, il santo assisiate avrebbe visto ogni tentativo di annuncio attivo del Vangelo - orientato cioè alla conversione del non cristiani — come una sorta di “ingerenza”, persino di violenza e di contrario allo spirito evangelico, intriso di sottomissione, rinuncia, povertà “assoluta” e testimonianza “pura”.
Per sostenere questa tesi Miccoli cita la Regola non bollata (cioè non approvata dalla Chiesa, stesa tra il 1209 e il 1221) che al capitolo 16 recita: «I frati che vanno tra gli infedeli [e in specie tra i saraceni] possono vivere e comportarsi con loro, spiritualmente, in due modi. Un modo è che non suscitino liti o controversie, ma siano soggetti, per amore di Dio, a ogni umana creatura, e confessino di essere cristiani». Queste parole, certamente di Francesco, sembrano confermare quella lettura; tuttavia è necessario proseguire nel testo di quello stesso capitolo 16, che aggiunge immediatamente: «Un altro modo è che, quando vedessero che piace al Signore, annuncino la parola di Dio, affinché quelli credano in Dio onnipotente, Padre e figlio e Spirito Santo, creatore di ogni cosa, il Figlio redentore e salvatore; e siano battezzati e diventino cristiani, poiché chi non nasce dall’acqua e dallo Spinto Santo, non può entrare nel regno di Dio».
Si tratta di parole molto chiare, che indicano al frate francescano (e, potremmo dire, al cristiano in genere) la necessità di cogliere le occasioni propizie per testimoniare esplicitamente e “attivamente” la buona novella, «affinché quelli credano in Dio onnipotente, Padre e Figlio e Spirito Santo, creatore di ogni cosa, il Figlio redentore e salvatore». Sono contenuti essenziali del Cristianesimo, ovvero la Trinità e la figura umana e divina di Cristo, morto e risorto per la salvezza dell’umanità. E si badi che si tratta proprio di quei punti che l’Islam nega esplicitamente: per l’Islam, infatti, Allah è Dio uno e indivisibile e l’idea cristiana della Trinità è un’assurdità quando non, peggio, una forma di idolatria, ovvero di abominio da distruggere. Ed è poi vero che il Corano riconosce in Cristo un grande profeta, precursore di Maometto; ma appunto Cristo, in quest’ottica, non è nient’altro che un uomo, per quanto eccezionale (inferiore comunque a Maometto), e non può in alcun modo essere Dio. Tanto è vero che, per il Corano, Cristo non è mai morto in croce e quindi non è neppure — e tantomeno — resuscitato.
Sono punti essenziali di diversità tra Cristianesimo e Islam, che Francesco mostra di conoscere esattamente e di voler mettere a fuoco nell’attività missionaria del suoi frati. Lo scopo, poi, non è “semplicemente” di testimonianza, o meglio lo è nel suo senso più pieno, orientato cioè alla salvezza delle anime, che devono essere «battezzate» e «diventare cristiane», il che significa necessariamente staccarsi dal corpo dell’Islam per entrare nel corpo storico e mistico della Chiesa e di Cristo. Mi paiono parole nette, che smontano da sé il preteso “irenismo” a oltranza di Francesco: il santo di Assisi sperava e voleva che anche i musulmani (come gli altri infedeli) conoscessero la Grazia di Cristo, quella stessa che lo aveva toccato da giovane e gli aveva radicalmente trasformato l’esistenza.
Come ha ben scritto Claudio Leonardi, uno del massimi esperti mondiali della mistica cristiana medievale, «Francesco non ha timore di fare proseliti: il proselitismo, cioè la conversione e l’ingresso dell’infedele tra i fedeli di Cristo e della Chiesa, è nella logica della predicazione e di ogni azione apostolica, anche se la conversione resta solo opera divina».
...e opere
Quanto abbiamo visto sin qui riguarda soprattutto il pensiero e la parola scritta di Francesco. Tuttavia egli si pose questo problema anche dal punto di vista pratico: volle cioè portare personalmente il Vangelo in terra islamica.
Dopo un paio di tentativi falliti, fu nel 1219 che il santo riuscì a entrare in contatto con gli infedeli, durante la quinta crociata. L’episodio è a volte liquidato come un evento minore e secondario della sua biografia, perché Francesco rimase solo qualche giorno presso i musulmani, senza peraltro ottenere un particolare successo.
Ma, anche in questo caso, è una lettura riduttiva: che un uomo del Medioevo provi per tre volte a superare il “confine”, geografico e spirituale, che divideva la Cristianità del tempo dal mondo islamico; che lo faccia a suo rischio e pericolo, accompagnato solo da un altro frate (di nome Illuminato); che cerchi di parlare — e ci riesca! — con il sultano d’Egitto, ovvero con l’autorità somma del potere islamico in quel momento; e infine che torni indietro sano e salvo... beh, son tutte cose eccezionali, non secondarie, come scrisse Dante nella Divina Commedia (Paradiso 11,100-105).
Orbene, che cosa accadde? Nel giugno del 1219 Francesco e Illuminato raggiunsero il campo dei crociati che assediavano Damietta da qualche tempo. Tra la fine di quell’estate e l’inizio dell’autunno, i due frati attraversarono la “terra di nessuno” che divideva i crociati dai musulmani e chiesero di parlare con il sultano al-Kamil, discendente del grande Saladino. Sul fatto che i due si incontrarono e che, tramite interpreti, si parlarono, nessuno oggi dubita più.
Ciò che divide gli storici è semmai il contenuto del loro discorso, che diventa altamente dibattuto per il suo valore simbolico.
Non abbiamo nessun ricordo personale del santo, né cronache musulmane che ci riportino i contenuti di quel celebre incontro. Tuttavia, tra le fonti di parte cristiana ne spicca una contenuta nella biografia di Francesco scritta da san Bonaventura alcuni decenni dopo e che riporta la testimonianza di frate Illuminato. Eccone un passo decisivo. Il sultano si sarebbe così rivolto al santo: «Il vostro Dio ha insegnato nei suoi Vangeli che non si deve rendere male per male... Quanto più dunque i cristiani non devono invadere la nostra terra?». Niente male: al-Kamil usò il Vangelo come strumento per accusare i crociati di violenza e aggressione. Ma sentiamo la replica di Francesco: «Non sembra che abbiate letto per intero il Vangelo di Cristo nostro Signore. Altrove dice infatti: “Se un tuo occhio ti scandalizza, cavalo e gettalo lontano da te”..., con il che ci volle insegnare che dobbiamo sradicare completamente... un uomo per quanto caro o vicino — anche se ci fosse caro come un occhio della testa — che cerchi di toglierci dalla fede e dall’amore del nostro Dio. Per questo i cristiani giustamente attaccano voi e la terra che avete occupato, perché bestemmiate il nome di Cristo e allontanate dal suo culto quelli che potete. Se pero voleste conoscere il creatore e redentore, confessarlo e adorarlo, vi amerebbero come loro stessi».
Insomma, in un colpo solo Francesco difese l’opera del crociati e propose al sultano la conversione. È vero che questo dialogo non è direttamente attribuibile a Francesco; tuttavia è l’unico resoconto disponibile di un testimone oculare, frate Illuminato, e non c’é un motivo specifico per non utilizzarlo, sia pure con cautela.
Il Francesco che emerge è un santo eccezionale, che brucia dal desiderio di testimoniare in parole e opere la verità di Cristo e del suo Vangelo; e che si espone personalmente alla violenza e alla morte per suo amore. Sempre secondo le fonti cristiane, in effetti, Francesco propose al sultano anche un “giudizio di Dio” con i sufi islamici presenti: ovvero li sfidò ad affrontare i carboni ardenti per dimostrare la veridicità delle rispettive fedi. Ma quelli rifiutarono, e tra di loro vi fu forse un certo Fakhr al-Farisi, celebre consigliere del sultano, sulla cui tomba è scritto che ebbe «un famoso caso con un monaco cristiano».
Sappiamo anche che a quel punto Francesco propose di affrontare da solo la prova del fuoco, ma il sultano si oppose. Il santo poté quindi predicare ai musulmani, ma — sembra — senza ottenere successo. Tornò quindi al campo crociato e poi in Italia.
Conclusioni
Francesco sapeva che i musulmani negano la divinità di Cristo, “bestemmiando” — tecnicamente parlando, non moralmente — il suo nome. Per questo si adoperò in parole e opere perché divenissero cristiani. Anche in questo caso, dunque, Francesco e il perfetto cavaliere di Dio. Pacifico, ma non pacifista. Amante, ma non succube. Innamorato di Dio, e non delle lodi del mondo.
Bibliografia
La letteratura francescana, a cura di Claudio Leonardi, 4 voll., Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2004.
M. Meschini, Le crociate di Terrasanta, I Quaderni del Timone, Ed. Art, 2006.
Giovanni Miccoli, Francesco d’Assisi. Realtà e memoria di un’esperienza cristiana, Einaudi, 1991.
Ricorda
«Francesco d’Assisi è il prodotto più rappresentativo ed ortodosso della Chiesa delle crociate (...) Non è affatto il personaggio che generalmente ci viene presentato adesso. Non era il precursore dei teologi della liberazione. Né tantomeno fu l’araldo dl un cristianesimo dolciastro, melenso, ecologico-pacifista: il tipo che ride sempre, lo scemo del villaggio che parla con gli uccellini e fa amicizia con i lupi».
(Franco Cardini, in Vittorio Messori, Pensare la stona. Una lettura cattolica dell’avventura umana, Sugarco, 2006, pp 164-165).
© il Timone - (Contro la leggenda nera)
Gepostet von
Pantocrator
unter
10/29/2007 09:53:00 AM
0
Kommentare
Labels: Crociate, Croisades, Crusades, Francesco di Assisi - San, Islam, Kreuzzüge
Saturday, October 27, 2007
Blessed Mark of Aviano, the Crusader friar of Habsburg Austria
Mark of Aviano was a Capuchin friar, born Carlo Domenico, in Aviano in the Republic of Venice. So keen was his zeal that, at the age of sixteen, he went to Crete – where the Venetians were then at war with the Muslim Ottoman Turks – to offer himself to defend the island.
Christendom was in constant danger of being overwhelmed by the Muslim Turks, and the Protestant Reformation had simply weakened the defences. Moreover, Catholic Christendom was fighting, now, on two fronts against both Muslim and Protestant and might, at any time, be swept away altogether. Particular determination, tenacity and courage was now needed more than ever from the defenders of Christendom. Fortunately, courage was not lacking.
Vienna besieged
In September 1529, after defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohács, the Ottoman Turks and their allies laid siege to Vienna – the famous “Siege of Vienna” of 1529. After a tremendous struggle the Austrians, under the seventy-year-old Count Nicholas von Salm, were finally victorious, although Salm himself was killed during the siege.
On 7 October 1571, the Ottoman Turks had seized the opportunity to launch a vast fleet to conquer as much of Christendom as they could. Almost miraculously, they were defeated at Lepanto by the combined Christian fleets under the command of Grand Admiral John of Austria, the illegitimate son of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
To this was added the prayers of Christendom since the pope, St Pius V, had ordered a Christendom-wide Rosary prayer campaign for victory. Later, at the “Battle of Vienna” of 1683, King Jan (John) III Sobieski of Poland, also accompanied by Christendom-wide praying of the Rosary, delivered Vienna and Christendom once again from the Muslim Ottoman Turks.
Mark of Aviano, knowing the dangers, set out to risk martyrdom at the hands of the Turkish horde. Arriving at a Capuchin convent, he was welcomed by the superior, who, after providing him with food and rest, advised him to return home. But Mark stayed in the convent long enough to be deeply impressed by their way of life and – not least – by their militancy in defending the Christian faith. In 1648, he entered the novitiate of the Capuchins.
This was in the year when the Treaty of Westphalia was signed and ended the bloody and internecine Thirty Years’ War. It was the year when the Long Parliament in England passed the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
One year later, Mark professed his vows. He progressed sufficiently well in the Order that in 1664 he received a licence to preach throughout the Republic of Venice and other Italian states, especially during Advent and Lent. He was also given more responsibility when he was elected superior of the convent of Belluno in 1672, and of the convent of Oderzo in 1674.
Blessed Mark of Aviano
New direction
But it was in 1676 that his life took a sudden new direction. He gave his blessing to a nun who had been bedridden for some thirteen years, whereupon she was healed.
Soon his fame grew widely enough for the Emperor himself – by then Emperor Leopold I – to take note. Leopold met Friar Mark, was soon deeply impressed by him, and effectively made him one of his privy counsellors.
Around this time Mark was also appointed by the Venerable Pope Innocent XI as Apostolic Nuncio and Papal Legate. His status was now complete: he was the personal adviser of the Emperor and of the defending Catholic monarchs.
He turned his attention back to his original aim and desire: the defence of a free Christendom from Islam. A passionate and eloquent preacher, he used his skills to great advantage in keeping and maintaining unity among the Holy League armies of Austria, Poland, Venice, and the Papal States, by now under the leadership of King Jan Sobieski, who was called upon by the Emperor to defend Christendom from the once more invading Turk.
This time, the Turks came by land.
“Behold the Cross of the Lord!”
In the decisive Battle of Vienna of 1683, the Holy League armies succeeded in repulsing the invaders. Famously, during the fighting, Friar Mark brandished a crucifix at the Turks, shouting to them “Behold the Cross of the Lord: Flee, enemy bands!”.
From 1683 to 1689 he committed himself to the military campaign, promoting good relations between the various component forces of the Imperial army. He acted as Chaplain-General to the Army exhorting, consoling, ministering to, and leading the soldiers. In this, he mirrored the heroic life of an earlier Franciscan, St John of Capistrano, who had aided the Empire’s Hungarian general, Count Jan Hunyady, to lift the Turkish siege of Belgrade in the fifteenth century.
Friar Mark’s guidance helped bring about a second liberation of Belgrade. This time, it was in 1688, the year that, in England, the Catholic King James II was being treacherously ousted from his rightful throne by the Protestant revolutionaries.
Not only Protestants, but also the devious and scarcely Catholic King Louis XIV of France, did not hesitate to side with the Turks against the Empire; but Friar Mark and King Jan III overcame all odds. Moreover, Friar Mark, magnanimous in victory, was ever astute in protecting surrendering Muslims and prisoners from retribution. His zeal for the defence of Christendom was fierce, but always tempered by mercy and compassion.
The Ottomans fought on for another sixteen years, losing control of Hungary and Transylvania in the process, before finally giving up. Thus, the Battle of Vienna marks the end of Turkish expansion into Christendom, finalized by the Treaty of Karlowitz.
The combination of the spiritual and the temporal, the religious and the lay, pope and emperor, friar and king, had once again proved the ultimate defence for Catholic Christendom. Not for nothing did Our Lord say, mysteriously, when St Peter showed him two swords, interpreted to mean the lay and the spiritual, “It is enough” (Luke 22:38). Sobieski, doubtless influenced by Friar Mark, had entrusted all to the protection of Our Lady of Czestochowa before the battle.
Siege of Vienna
A significant date
Ironically, for us, the Battle of Vienna took place on a very significant date. It began on 11 September and ended on 12 September, the Vigil and Feast of the Holy Name of Mary, respectively. It thus began on the date that is now known to us as “9/11”, the day of the attack upon the Twin Towers in New York in 2001. The choice was doubtless deliberate on the part of the Muslim terrorists, but they did not reckon with its other resonances.
At Friar Mark’s beatification in 2003, the Pope said that Friar Mark reminds the European continent “that its unity will be more stable if it is based on its common Christian roots.” Other commentators like John Allen, of the National Catholic Reporter, feared that the beatification might lead to hostile reaction from Islam. But Italian director Renzo Martinelli, who is making a film based on the life of Mark of Aviano, countered by saying that “without him, Italian women would today be wearing the burqa.”
Legends surround Friar Mark. One says that the croissant was invented in Vienna to celebrate the defeat as a reference to the crescents on the Turkish flags. Austrian-born Marie Antoinette introduced the pastry to France in 1770.
Another legend from Vienna has the first bagel as a gift to King Jan Sobieski, to honour his victory. It was fashioned in the form of a stirrup, to commemorate the victorious charge by the Polish cavalry.
After the battle, the Austrians discovered many bags of coffee in the abandoned Turkish encampment. Using this captured stock, Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki (a Polish merchant) opened the third coffeehouse in Europe and the first in Vienna, where, according to legend, Kulczycki and Friar Mark added milk and honey to sweeten the bitter coffee. The result was thereafter termed “cappuccino”, after the brown hood of the Capuchin friar.
Missions to Islam
Other saints also had a particular mission amongst the Muslims. St John of Matha and St Felix of Valois (of the Royal house of France) founded the Trinitarians for the ransom of Christian captives, and St Peter Nolasco founded the Order of Our Lady of Ransom after our Lady appeared to him in 1218.
Yet foolish commentators would have us believe that the view of the Church has historically been a bloodthirsty one, bent partly upon conquest and partly upon plunder, but only incidentally upon any good. It is a mendacious picture. No cognisance is given of the simple fact that the entirety of Christendom was under constant threat, at short notice, from complete conquest by the invading Ottomans whose janissaries often roamed at will, marauding, upon the hills of Austria and flat plains of Hungary.
The Church’s attitude was not only reasonable and rational, but it was also robust yet merciful, courageous yet compassionate, firm but fair. Moreover, it still remains the only solution to handling the modern threat from Islamic terrorism and extremism.
This, truly, is the legacy of Blessed Mark of Aviano. No coward, he was ready to defend Christendom with his life, by martyrdom if necessary, but he was also ever-compassionate to the defeated enemy; and, the threat neutralised, he, like St John of Matha, St Felix of Valois and St Peter Nolasco, sought to negotiate diplomatically to find peaceful solutions. Like them, he was ready to redeem captives by personal sacrifice, if necessary, neither shrinking from the duty to defend Christendom nor erring on the side of hatred or disrespect nor unwillingness to parley even with the worst of erstwhile enemies.
Not for nothing is Blessed Mark still honoured today in Austria and Venice. He and the whole Capuchin Order were, and are, especially venerated by the Habsburg imperial family, who, from the time of Blessed Mark, took as their personal chaplains the Capuchin friars, and often baptised their children with the name Markus d’Aviano.
Moreover, by imperial rescript, emperors were thereafter buried in the crypt of the Capuchin Church in Vienna. The ceremony was seen once again at the death of the Empress Zita in 1989.
The great procession halts at the door of the Capuchin church, the coffin carriage guarded by the Tyrolean Schützenkompanie, ahead of the guards, hussars, uhlans and lancers, the ranks of the nobility and the throngs of the people of Vienna. The Chamberlain knocks with his staff and the voice of a Capuchin friar calls from within “Who is there?”. The imperial and other titles are read out in full, and the voice says “We do not know her”; again the same reading takes place, but with fewer titles; finally the Chamberlain knocks and says “Zita, a sinful mortal”. The friar replies, “Then we know her!”, and opens the great door to let the procession into the imperial friary Church.
It is a ceremony wholly in keeping with the spirit of Blessed Mark. All the more fitting, then, is the large statue of Blessed Mark of Aviano, outside the Church, holding aloft the crucifix, advancing and calling on all – emperor, king or mere citizen – to yield to the Cross of Christ, the source of all peace, justice, hope and salvation for every man who ever lived or ever shall live.
Blessed Mark of Aviano, pray for us!
Source: ORIENS - Journal of the Oriens Foundation
Gepostet von
Pantocrator
unter
10/27/2007 09:55:00 AM
0
Kommentare
Labels: Crociate, Croisades, Crusades, Kreuzzüge, Marco d'Aviano - Beato
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
The Glorious Times of the First Crusade
I am transported to the glorious times of the First Crusade, to that age when men lived the Faith and were concerned above all with making the world an image of God and Paradise. In this spirit the cathedrals, hospitals, universities, castles, and social relations were established. This love for God, which wanted everything to be made in His image and give Him glory, had a consequence. The medieval man thought that God should also be glorified in the Holy Land. For him, there was nothing more important than that small part of the world, the place that had seen the birth of the Christ Child, the sand upon which the feet of Our Lord had walked, the mountains that had heard His voice, the rivers and streams that had quenched His thirst. The First Crusade, far from being something turned toward the persecution of this or that people, was above all an act of love, born from the need to protect the sacred places where Our Lord Jesus Christ had lived, suffered, died, and resurrected. The Crusade was not principally an act of conquest. Rather, it was an exploit rooted in the great love for God that medieval man had. There was an indisputable grace in the convocation of the First Crusade. The words of Blessed Urban II were accompanied by a special force that generated a supernatural contagion that moved the hearts of medieval men. Everything was put aside to free the Sepulchre of Christ. Deus vult! God desires it. With this spontaneous outcry, those who listened to the Pope’s appeal accepted his invitation to fight for the Holy Land, and this cry resounded throughout Europe. Until today its echoes have reached the ears of those who still have the same excellence of the spirit of Faith that belonged to medieval man. When the Holy Sepulchre had been freed and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem established, peace began to reign in Palestine. However, the enemy lurked to retake its former possessions. To protect and defend it, the Orders of Chivalry were founded. Perhaps the most important of them was the Knights Templar, which seemed to have inherited that same spirit of holy prowess that had led the Crusaders to conquer Jerusalem. One of their mottos was this: The most beautiful adventure in the world is ours. And rightly so. What could be more worthy of brave deeds and the spirit of adventure than to defend the Sepulchre of Christ? To preserve Christianity in the Holy Land? Nothing. If the Knights Templar represented a grace of the Crusades, their motto summarizes it. These are a few of my thoughts when I consider this noble theme. (Ellyn Miller, Tradition in Action)
Le Pape prêche la croisade à Clermont (France)
Gepostet von
Pantocrator
unter
8/21/2007 02:19:00 PM
0
Kommentare