Showing posts with label Marco d'Aviano - Beato. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Marco d'Aviano - Beato. Show all posts

Monday, November 12, 2007

Un santo no amigo del Islam

“Marco de Europa”, venerado por cristianos y odiado por musulmanes

Renzo Martinello, el joven director de cine, tiene ya en marcha una película para la televisión: “Sin él -dice- hoy las italianas, y no sólo ellas, irían con burka”. También está convencido de lo mismo Carlo Sgordon, que dedicó un hermoso libro al religioso, “Marco de Europa”. Y el mismo Pasolini, autor de una pieza teatral sobre las atrocidades de los turcos en Friuli, conocía muy bien a ese antiguo coterráneo suyo.
La devoción popular por él está viva no solamente en la región italiana del nordeste, sino también en Austria, en Hungría, en toda la ex Yugoslavia, donde su estatua preside muchas plazas. A esa veneración se contrapone la hostilidad de un fundamentalismo musulmán que no olvidó que el sueño de una Europa sometida a Alá se desmoronó el 12 de septiembre de 1683 ante las murallas de Viena, con el asalto impetuoso de una coalición cristiana compacta y enardecida, por las palabras ardorosas del Padre Marco.
Pío IX el Papa del Syllabus Son tres, sobre todo, las causas de beatificación “políticamente incorrectas” que Juan Pablo II se encontró sobre la mesa. Estaba, obviamente, la de Pío IX, el Papa del Syllabus, de Porta Pía y del “caso Mortara”. Sorteó las resistencias combinando la glorificación del “Papa malo” (ateniéndonos a la tenaz leyenda negra) a la del “Papa bueno” por definición. Un exorcismo que arrancó una sonrisa a los encargados de los trabajos: en efecto, sabían muy bien que la veneración de Juan XXIII por Pío IX era tal que Roncalli había previsto concluir el Concilio precisamente con la beatificación por aclamación de su predecesor decimonónico.

La Reina Isabel, defensora de los indios

En segundo lugar estaba, y está todavía, otra causa espinosa: la de Isabel de Castilla, la Reina Católica, a la que aborrecen los judíos a causa de la expulsión de los “marranos”, los musulmanes por la de los moriscos y los liberales de cualquier tipo por la Inquisición. Hace tiempo que se viene produciendo un enfrentamiento de “lobbies”: a los poderosos grupos contrarios a la gran soberana se contraponen sus devotos, reunidos en torno al arzobispo de Valladolid y a buena parte del episcopado sudamericano. De hecho, contrariamente también en este caso a los esquemas demagógicos, precisamente entre los indios está fuertemente arraigada desde siempre la devoción hacia la reina que financió el viaje de Colón y que inició la conquista. De todos modos, hasta ahora la causa isabelina no ha sido desbloqueada, y es previsible que ni siquiera la decisión y el coraje del Papa Wojtyla logren acabar en breve plazo con una aversión que une a fuerzas anticatólicas tan poderosas.

Venerable Marco de Aviano

En cambio llegó a puerto el largo viaje de Marco de Aviano. Cuando tenía 16 años, el futuro capuchino nacido en Friuli en 1631, huyó del seminario, contando que se iba a embarcar hacia Candia donde los venecianos resistían heroicamente el asedio turco. Lo hicieron volver atrás incluso antes de salir y después lo ordenaron sacerdote.
El Padre Marco se destacó como orador y, sobre todo, como taumaturgo: sus predicaciones, solicitadas ávidamente desde toda Europa, estaban marcadas por continuos prodigios. El mismo emperador Leopoldo de Habsburgo lo convirtió en uno de sus más escuchados consejeros.
El capuchino retornó en 1683 a Viena en circunstancias dramáticas: los turcos, que habían devastado todos los Balcanes y arrasado Hungría a sangre y fuego, habían llegado a asediar la capital imperial. Los 150.000 guerreros de Alá eran guiados por el despiadado Gran Visir Kara Mustafá, cuyo plan preveía la islamización de toda Europa Central. Francia, por su parte, como ya hiciera en Lepanto, traicionó a la Cristiandad: tratando de debilitar al emperador, el rey Sol había llegado a firmar pactos con los otomanos.
El ejército que debería haber liberado Viena del asedio no tenía más que 70.000 hombres, entre súbditos del Imperio, polacos guiados por el rey Juan Sobiesky, bávaros, sajones y voluntarios italianos que habían respondido a la llamada desesperada del Papa. Las tropas de la coalición no sólo eran escasas, sino que estaban paralizadas por las rivalidades entre los jefes.
La situación fue desbloqueada con prodigios de pasión y de persuasión, precisamente por el Padre Marco, enviado por el Papa, y cuyo prestigio eran inmenso no sólo entre los católicos, sino también entre las tropas protestantes.
Por indicación del capuchino, el rey de Polonia asumió el mando, y el ejército llegó a las puertas de Viena cuando la ciudad, ya en las últimas, estaba a punto de capitular. Al alba del 12 de septiembre de aquel 1683, el religioso celebró la misa sobre el Kahlenberg, la colina que está sobre la ciudad, ayudado en el altar por los reyes y los príncipes de la coalición.
Tras una inflamada predicación en una mezcla de italiano, alemán y latín, manteniendo en alto su cruz de madera, el padre Marco se hincó de rodillas rezando, mientras las tropas avanzaban al asalto. Los cristianos eran la mitad que los musulmanes, y a diferencia de éstos, no contaban con artillería. Pero el ímpetu con que se lanzaron contra los soldados de Alá arrasó la defensa.
La batalla fue violentísima y breve. En pocas horas 20.000 turcos cayeron sobre el terreno y los sobrevivientes huyeron, abandonando todo, incluido el harén “móvil” del Gran Visir. La amenaza islámica en el corazón de Europa había sido desbaratada. El padre Aviano estuvo entre los primeros que entraron en la Viena liberada y celebró el “Te Deum” en la catedral.
En los años siguientes, su incansable actividad fue decisiva para la liberación de Budapest y de Belgrado. Si los turcos fueron acosados y rechazados hacia Estambul, el mérito fue de la “Liga Santa”, en la que el capuchino había logrado que entrara también Venecia, siempre ambigua y vacilante.
Cuando murió, en su pobre celda lloraban, de rodillas, el emperador y su mujer: quisieron que el humilde religioso a quien se debía la salvación de Europa, fuese enterrado en su mausoleo.
Las trágicas circunstancias hicieron de Marco de Aviano un extraordinario alentador de heroísmos guerreros, un habilísimo diplomático por la causa de la unidad cristiana. Pero en realidad era un hombre de paz, completamente ajeno a las intrigas políticas: un fraile que vivió fiel a la regla franciscana y que ejercitó hasta el final las virtudes cristianas, siempre nostálgico de la paz del claustro.
Bueno y generoso, alejado de todo fanatismo y contrario a toda crueldad, siempre se afanó en salvar vidas, por mitigar la suerte de los prisioneros, por exhortar al perdón, a la misericordia, a la búsqueda del acuerdo. Si intervino en la guerra no fue más que en legítima defensa de una cristiandad agredida. Se lanzó a aconsejar planos estratégicos a los generales y tratados a los gobernantes, pero siempre y sólo para alejar la amenaza mortal de la Europa cristiana.
No fue por casualidad que los musulmanes de su tiempo le miraran con respeto, cuando no con admiración. Sólo el fundamentalismo reciente lo transformó en un “enemigo”, hasta el punto de obligar a medidas extraordinarias de seguridad cuando, dentro de pocos meses, el Papa lo elevará, “urbi et orbi”, a la gloria de los altares.+

Fonte: AICA Online

Saturday, October 27, 2007

Blessed Mark of Aviano, the Crusader friar of Habsburg Austria

London barrister and historian James Bogle discusses here the life and times of a great Catholic: Blessed Mark of Aviano (Marco d’Aviano in the original Italian), who deserves to be much better known in the English-speaking world.

Beato Marco d'AvianoOn 27 April 2003, Pope John Paul II beatified Rev Fr Mark of Aviano OFMCap (1631-99). The ceremony occurred without any world-wide protest from Muslims, and certainly nothing of the sort that accompanied the considerably more innocuous recent commentary of Pope Benedict XVI at Regensburg.

Mark of Aviano was a Capuchin friar, born Carlo Domenico, in Aviano in the Republic of Venice. So keen was his zeal that, at the age of sixteen, he went to Crete – where the Venetians were then at war with the Muslim Ottoman Turks – to offer himself to defend the island.

Christendom was in constant danger of being overwhelmed by the Muslim Turks, and the Protestant Reformation had simply weakened the defences. Moreover, Catholic Christendom was fighting, now, on two fronts against both Muslim and Protestant and might, at any time, be swept away altogether. Particular determination, tenacity and courage was now needed more than ever from the defenders of Christendom. Fortunately, courage was not lacking.
Vienna besieged

In September 1529, after defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohács, the Ottoman Turks and their allies laid siege to Vienna – the famous “Siege of Vienna” of 1529. After a tremendous struggle the Austrians, under the seventy-year-old Count Nicholas von Salm, were finally victorious, although Salm himself was killed during the siege.

On 7 October 1571, the Ottoman Turks had seized the opportunity to launch a vast fleet to conquer as much of Christendom as they could. Almost miraculously, they were defeated at Lepanto by the combined Christian fleets under the command of Grand Admiral John of Austria, the illegitimate son of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

To this was added the prayers of Christendom since the pope, St Pius V, had ordered a Christendom-wide Rosary prayer campaign for victory. Later, at the “Battle of Vienna” of 1683, King Jan (John) III Sobieski of Poland, also accompanied by Christendom-wide praying of the Rosary, delivered Vienna and Christendom once again from the Muslim Ottoman Turks.

Mark of Aviano, knowing the dangers, set out to risk martyrdom at the hands of the Turkish horde. Arriving at a Capuchin convent, he was welcomed by the superior, who, after providing him with food and rest, advised him to return home. But Mark stayed in the convent long enough to be deeply impressed by their way of life and – not least – by their militancy in defending the Christian faith. In 1648, he entered the novitiate of the Capuchins.

This was in the year when the Treaty of Westphalia was signed and ended the bloody and internecine Thirty Years’ War. It was the year when the Long Parliament in England passed the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.

One year later, Mark professed his vows. He progressed sufficiently well in the Order that in 1664 he received a licence to preach throughout the Republic of Venice and other Italian states, especially during Advent and Lent. He was also given more responsibility when he was elected superior of the convent of Belluno in 1672, and of the convent of Oderzo in 1674.
Blessed Mark of Aviano

New direction

But it was in 1676 that his life took a sudden new direction. He gave his blessing to a nun who had been bedridden for some thirteen years, whereupon she was healed.

Soon his fame grew widely enough for the Emperor himself – by then Emperor Leopold I – to take note. Leopold met Friar Mark, was soon deeply impressed by him, and effectively made him one of his privy counsellors.

Around this time Mark was also appointed by the Venerable Pope Innocent XI as Apostolic Nuncio and Papal Legate. His status was now complete: he was the personal adviser of the Emperor and of the defending Catholic monarchs.

He turned his attention back to his original aim and desire: the defence of a free Christendom from Islam. A passionate and eloquent preacher, he used his skills to great advantage in keeping and maintaining unity among the Holy League armies of Austria, Poland, Venice, and the Papal States, by now under the leadership of King Jan Sobieski, who was called upon by the Emperor to defend Christendom from the once more invading Turk.

This time, the Turks came by land.
“Behold the Cross of the Lord!”

In the decisive Battle of Vienna of 1683, the Holy League armies succeeded in repulsing the invaders. Famously, during the fighting, Friar Mark brandished a crucifix at the Turks, shouting to them “Behold the Cross of the Lord: Flee, enemy bands!”.

From 1683 to 1689 he committed himself to the military campaign, promoting good relations between the various component forces of the Imperial army. He acted as Chaplain-General to the Army exhorting, consoling, ministering to, and leading the soldiers. In this, he mirrored the heroic life of an earlier Franciscan, St John of Capistrano, who had aided the Empire’s Hungarian general, Count Jan Hunyady, to lift the Turkish siege of Belgrade in the fifteenth century.

Friar Mark’s guidance helped bring about a second liberation of Belgrade. This time, it was in 1688, the year that, in England, the Catholic King James II was being treacherously ousted from his rightful throne by the Protestant revolutionaries.

Not only Protestants, but also the devious and scarcely Catholic King Louis XIV of France, did not hesitate to side with the Turks against the Empire; but Friar Mark and King Jan III overcame all odds. Moreover, Friar Mark, magnanimous in victory, was ever astute in protecting surrendering Muslims and prisoners from retribution. His zeal for the defence of Christendom was fierce, but always tempered by mercy and compassion.

The Ottomans fought on for another sixteen years, losing control of Hungary and Transylvania in the process, before finally giving up. Thus, the Battle of Vienna marks the end of Turkish expansion into Christendom, finalized by the Treaty of Karlowitz.

The combination of the spiritual and the temporal, the religious and the lay, pope and emperor, friar and king, had once again proved the ultimate defence for Catholic Christendom. Not for nothing did Our Lord say, mysteriously, when St Peter showed him two swords, interpreted to mean the lay and the spiritual, “It is enough” (Luke 22:38). Sobieski, doubtless influenced by Friar Mark, had entrusted all to the protection of Our Lady of Czestochowa before the battle.


Siege of Vienna
A significant date

Ironically, for us, the Battle of Vienna took place on a very significant date. It began on 11 September and ended on 12 September, the Vigil and Feast of the Holy Name of Mary, respectively. It thus began on the date that is now known to us as “9/11”, the day of the attack upon the Twin Towers in New York in 2001. The choice was doubtless deliberate on the part of the Muslim terrorists, but they did not reckon with its other resonances.

At Friar Mark’s beatification in 2003, the Pope said that Friar Mark reminds the European continent “that its unity will be more stable if it is based on its common Christian roots.” Other commentators like John Allen, of the National Catholic Reporter, feared that the beatification might lead to hostile reaction from Islam. But Italian director Renzo Martinelli, who is making a film based on the life of Mark of Aviano, countered by saying that “without him, Italian women would today be wearing the burqa.”

Legends surround Friar Mark. One says that the croissant was invented in Vienna to celebrate the defeat as a reference to the crescents on the Turkish flags. Austrian-born Marie Antoinette introduced the pastry to France in 1770.

Another legend from Vienna has the first bagel as a gift to King Jan Sobieski, to honour his victory. It was fashioned in the form of a stirrup, to commemorate the victorious charge by the Polish cavalry.

After the battle, the Austrians discovered many bags of coffee in the abandoned Turkish encampment. Using this captured stock, Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki (a Polish merchant) opened the third coffeehouse in Europe and the first in Vienna, where, according to legend, Kulczycki and Friar Mark added milk and honey to sweeten the bitter coffee. The result was thereafter termed “cappuccino”, after the brown hood of the Capuchin friar.
Missions to Islam

Other saints also had a particular mission amongst the Muslims. St John of Matha and St Felix of Valois (of the Royal house of France) founded the Trinitarians for the ransom of Christian captives, and St Peter Nolasco founded the Order of Our Lady of Ransom after our Lady appeared to him in 1218.

Yet foolish commentators would have us believe that the view of the Church has historically been a bloodthirsty one, bent partly upon conquest and partly upon plunder, but only incidentally upon any good. It is a mendacious picture. No cognisance is given of the simple fact that the entirety of Christendom was under constant threat, at short notice, from complete conquest by the invading Ottomans whose janissaries often roamed at will, marauding, upon the hills of Austria and flat plains of Hungary.

The Church’s attitude was not only reasonable and rational, but it was also robust yet merciful, courageous yet compassionate, firm but fair. Moreover, it still remains the only solution to handling the modern threat from Islamic terrorism and extremism.

This, truly, is the legacy of Blessed Mark of Aviano. No coward, he was ready to defend Christendom with his life, by martyrdom if necessary, but he was also ever-compassionate to the defeated enemy; and, the threat neutralised, he, like St John of Matha, St Felix of Valois and St Peter Nolasco, sought to negotiate diplomatically to find peaceful solutions. Like them, he was ready to redeem captives by personal sacrifice, if necessary, neither shrinking from the duty to defend Christendom nor erring on the side of hatred or disrespect nor unwillingness to parley even with the worst of erstwhile enemies.

Not for nothing is Blessed Mark still honoured today in Austria and Venice. He and the whole Capuchin Order were, and are, especially venerated by the Habsburg imperial family, who, from the time of Blessed Mark, took as their personal chaplains the Capuchin friars, and often baptised their children with the name Markus d’Aviano.

Moreover, by imperial rescript, emperors were thereafter buried in the crypt of the Capuchin Church in Vienna. The ceremony was seen once again at the death of the Empress Zita in 1989.

The great procession halts at the door of the Capuchin church, the coffin carriage guarded by the Tyrolean Schützenkompanie, ahead of the guards, hussars, uhlans and lancers, the ranks of the nobility and the throngs of the people of Vienna. The Chamberlain knocks with his staff and the voice of a Capuchin friar calls from within “Who is there?”. The imperial and other titles are read out in full, and the voice says “We do not know her”; again the same reading takes place, but with fewer titles; finally the Chamberlain knocks and says “Zita, a sinful mortal”. The friar replies, “Then we know her!”, and opens the great door to let the procession into the imperial friary Church.

It is a ceremony wholly in keeping with the spirit of Blessed Mark. All the more fitting, then, is the large statue of Blessed Mark of Aviano, outside the Church, holding aloft the crucifix, advancing and calling on all – emperor, king or mere citizen – to yield to the Cross of Christ, the source of all peace, justice, hope and salvation for every man who ever lived or ever shall live.

Blessed Mark of Aviano, pray for us!

Source: ORIENS - Journal of the Oriens Foundation